Journal Articles On Traits Of Effective Leaders
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The main goal of this proposed study is to compare the leadership styles of US and Japan. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher used the qualitative research approach to provide description and discussion about the research subject. Such approach uses secondary data that are collected in previous studies, published or unpublished. The study also extended from being qualitative to descriptive because qualitative approach requires descriptive methods to come up with more credible and comprehensive results.
Accordingly, with the descriptive research, it is necessary to have a clear picture of the phenomena on which a researcher wishes to collect data prior to the collection of the data. (Saunders et al, 2003). Even if many project tutors are often suspicious on work that is too descriptive, and they will want a researcher to go further and draw conclusions from the data gathered, description in management and business research has a very clear place, although, it should not be thought of as an end in itself, but only as a means to an end (Saunders et al, 2003). This research is base on qualitative research method. Traditionally, qualitative research has been viewed somewhat simplistically as a set of different research methods that have certain features in common. In this respect, qualitative methods are employed to collect data about activities, events, occurrences and behaviours and to seek an understanding of actions, problems and processes in their social context.
Qualitative research, allows the researcher to be adaptable at all stages of the research process because it is both inductive and deductive (Creswell 1994). Initially, it is inductive. This means that, in order to begin with, patterns, themes and categories emerge out of the data instead of being imposed on them prior to data collection and analysis. Later, the process of qualitative research becomes deductive because, as the research progresses, the researcher develop working propositions and ideas which are being tested out over the next stages of data collection and analysis. This may even involve searching for new data that confirm researcher’s propositions. There is a constant interplay, therefore, between analysis and data collection, which is why qualitative research is often described as iterative. The value of qualitative research can best be understood by examining its characteristics (Collis & Hussey 2003). One of the primary advantages of qualitative research is that it is more open to the adjusting and refining of research ideas as an inquiry proceeds. Also, the researcher does not attempt to manipulate the research setting, as in an experimental study, but rather seeks to understand naturally occurring phenomena in their naturally occurring states. Inductive reasoning, as opposed to deductive reasoning, is common in qualitative research, along with content or holistic analysis in place of statistical analysis (Marshall & Rossman, 1995).
The key point in qualitative data analysis as used in this context is concerned with data reduction and interpretation. Data reduction includes carving up the mass of unwieldy data into manageable chunks by coding, noting and summarizing them into simplified patterns and configurations. Interpretation, on the other hand, includes bringing meaning and insight to the words and acts of participants in a particular study by generating concepts and theories (or theory-based generalizations) which explain findings at hand. If this is the case, the researcher then communicates the meaning of findings to others through a written report. Although data reduction and interpretation are common to most types of qualitative analysis, there are no rigid stages or rules for undertaking the process of qualitative analysis, unlike in quantitative research where there are well-established methods and procedures. Such flexibility and openness is based on the heart of qualitative research, suggesting that perhaps it is inappropriate to aim for homogeneous, classifiable types of qualitative analysis (Turner 1994). Instead, the researcher should follow the analytical approach which the researcher considers best fits your overall research design and the nature of the data.
The study utilized solely secondary data for the qualitative analysis. Secondary data include raw information and published summaries from previously conducted inquiries involving both quantitative and qualitative data and approaches. Saunders and colleagues (2003) construed that secondary data fall into three main subgroups namely documentary data, survey-based data, and those compiled from different sources. With this particular study, the researcher utilized the documentary data (i.e. articles from books, journals, magazines, and newspapers) and analyzed qualitatively to come up and understand the differences or similarities of the leadership styles in US and Japan.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
After looking into the various sources of secondary data, this section presents the analysis and discussion of the attributes of American and Japanese leadership styles.
Leadership and Leadership Styles
With the extensive collection of leadership literatures, it is but common to expect that there have been sufficient evidences to provide comprehensive comparison to any leadership topic involving styles, countries, and so on. Leadership in its hundred of definitions is summed up in terms of specification and application. Leadership style refers to the degree of direction that the leader provides to subordinates in attempting to influence their behaviour toward the accomplishment of organizational objectives (Gibson & Marcoulides 1995). Examining various leadership styles in every given country like United States and Japan is important in international context because it serves as a potent source of criteria in evaluating the differences of these approaches particularly across geographical borders. Leadership styles are mainly assessed using scales developed by Schul and colleagues (1983) that include participative, supportive, and directive leadership styles. Because of the role of culture in the global business community, it is acknowledge that leadership styles are bounded by nationalistic attributes as applied in the business practice and arena. The trademarks of various nationalities are seen in any leadership endeavour as leaders are frequently identified in the ways and manners they manage situations and people through cultural inclinations (Achua & Lussier 2000). Furthermore, the changing conditions of the international business arena as well as its underlying functions necessitate constant evaluation of leadership styles not only within organisational boundaries but across national territories. The human labour force is also experiencing the transformation and that the people who lead every group must be equipped with the appropriate leadership style. Davenport and Prusak (1998) adhered to the idea that traditional criteria used to characterize successful leadership are no longer appropriate, if not insufficient, considering the trends of today’s modern workplace. The new practice and science of leadership entails a mixture of various vital skills acquired from professional environment, experience, and formal education. Experimental cases and business studies acknowledge that there is no single most excellent style of leadership (Davenport & Prusak 1998). Yu and Miller (2005) affirmed that the most triumphant leaders are the ones who are capable to adapt their leadership style specifically in providing subordinates’ needs and particular situations such as goal-setting and achievement.
Similarly, the existing knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required by workers particularly in highly industrialized countries like the United States, Japan, Australia, United Kingdom and others, are more complex. This is attributed to the global shift from a so-called “industry economy” to a “service economy” and now are supposed to be transforming on the way toward a “knowledge economy” (Yu & Miller 2005). As work progressively becomes “knowledge work”, Abramson (1997) argued that the need for traditional leadership styles will disappear. As a result, the order for a leadership style to be valuable in today’s contemporary workplace must regress from hierarchical position-based to new knowledge-based influences. There is a call for gradual integration of the lessons of leadership and management relationship and integration in the previous years. This is because knowledge workers no longer consider themselves as subordinates or employees instead make themselves more as “associates” of the organisation. This makes them unsuitable to be handled using conventional management practices (e.g. the Theory X or Theory Y way). The leadership styles of leaders need to collaborate more with knowledge workers rather than to manage them conventionally. Considering this aspect, the leadership styles of the United States and Japan and its individual characteristics must work towards overall organisational management.
Leadership in United States
The United States is a highly individualistic and masculine-oriented country where a culture of people includes the active recognition of their roles and contributions. In reference to the collected literatures, American leadership style is seemingly participative and supportive as it provides a strong support in carrying out organisational objectives and targets. There is also a tendency to focus on self-interest and expectation to take care of their selves particularly in the possession or acquisition of wealth. They are mostly governed by strict implementation of rules and laws that hinder a comfortable, friendly environment. There are also given differences in leadership styles where specialised tasks are involved. For the aspect of motivation, directive leadership style in contrast to participative and supportive leadership styles is more effective especially in channel management (Mehta et al 2003). In motivation, Americans are said to be governed by rules for behaviour and rewards for achievement and these influences their individual advancement. Literatures in the organisational management support leadership as a primary determinant of motivation (Mehta et al 2003).
In the United States, the description of leadership styles are focused on the functions a leader perform within the working environment. American scholar Yukl (2002) describes the leadership style of the US as the process of assisting the subordinates and facilitating cumulative efforts to achieve a common goal. By looking on this description, the leadership style in US is more likely the participative type of leadership. The participative leadership style involves the role of subordinates. Accordingly, the American leaders are able to use this style, specifically in making decision making processes. This is comparable to participative management in which subordinates share a significant part and degree of influence in the decision-making power of their superiors (Robbins 1996). As emphasised by Seibold and Shea (2001), the five (5) types of participation approaches including the so-called quality circle, self-directed work teams, quality of work life program, scale on gain sharing plans and quality circle are existent in any leadership endeavour. These classifications have provided American organisations a model to encourage staff participation. Using the participative leadership style, American leaders consults subordinates, solicits their valuable suggestions, and considers the relevance of such particularly with regards to making decisions towards the development of organisational policies and procedures, for instance.
Furthermore, American leadership style includes the presence of contingency reward and punishment used in advantageous position. Charismatic leadership is seen important to all levels of management (Bass 1990). Although American leaders share many cultural values like Japanese, they are less relationship-oriented. For American leaders, the nature of intelligence, honesty, determination, understanding, and excellent communication skills is a must. However, early studies on leadership style sprouted from Hofstede (1980) concluded that Americans are likely to exhibit autocratic and centralized leadership styles than leaders in countries such as Norway, Sweden, Japan, Taiwan, or Pakistan. The leadership style of the U.S. shows strong positive relationships on the satisfaction of subordinates and general organisational commitment.
Leadership in Japan
Japan, being a highly industrialised country, has been recognised as second largest business affiliate of US, leader in innovations and uses participative leadership. In reference to culture, it is also similar to that of Americans who has high indication of masculinity and medium on collectivism in contrast to Americans’ identified individualism. They also establish an atmosphere of respect and obedience from their subordinates but they do not impose more rules and laws that affect overall working relationship and conditions. Their paternalistic history emerges on the manner they manage their subordinates. While most Japanese organisation are highly hierarchical and rigidly organises, they have an outstanding concern for the personal lives of their subordinates. Trust plays a vital role as most Japanese leaders leave their subordinates set of instructions and it is up to them to carry out the works. In terms of decision making, they similarly acknowledge the consensus of everyone particularly during extensive consultation. Mainly most leadership studies (e.g. Wu 2006; Bass 1990; Ochi 1981) construe Japanese leaders as advocates of equality and group harmony. Charisma is shown by leaders when they set up overall organisational theme, develop strategy, and employ high-level outside relations. Taking risk is something that is very improbable because a Japanese leader is flexible, fair, empathetic listener, active, and accountable.
Accordingly, the leadership style used by Japanese leaders is effective especially in achieving superior levels of employee motivation, commitment, delegation in terms of decision making and intrinsic job satisfaction (Keys and Miller 1982 cited in Wu 2006). In communication, Japanese leaders have been able to act as efficient communicators in their respective companies because they are natural lovers of harmony at workplace. They are bounded by human relationship as they needed to know their subordinates’ lives so as to provide understanding on the manner in which they behave and from here, leadership techniques are developed. Aside from the given traits in relation to leadership styles, Japanese are identified not to have more analytical tools to analyse workplace situations because they are much into many fields of expertise rather than specialising into single area.
Synthesis
As an established belief, the cross-cultural differences and identities of each country affects the leadership styles being employed. The research of Hofstede (1980, 2001) can serve as a useful model (power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance) in identifying cultural differences (e.g. the case of the US and Japan). In specific reference to management and leadership dynamics, individualists emphasise individual action and self-interest (e.g. the Americans), while collectivists act and view themselves more as group members (e.g. the Japanese) (Singelis et al, 1995). In management practice, Robie and group (2005) documented US leaders have higher indication for extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability while Japanese leaders have a consistent reversed causation explanation of personality mainly influenced by culture. Further, US managers are more conscientious and open to experience than Japanese managers. Generally, the leadership styles clearly reflect the cultural connection of leaders. Kustin and Jones (1995) assumed that professional-manager leadership style can be based in other factors like technology and knowledge of the behavioural science but lies on the identification of conditions under which certain theories are meaningfully used in overall leadership and management practices. However, different issues are more evident in Japanese setting particularly on the heavy emphasis of western’s individualism (Kustin & Jones 1995). Leadership styles are dependent on the culture of the leader who uses it but Bowman and Caison (1986 cited in Kustin and Jones 1995) that it “can be recreated in host environments, provided that cultural assessment and assimilation has taken place” (p. 11). Leadership is value-based (Santos & Santora 2001). It is because it simply possesses beliefs about how to project appropriate conduct and what goals are central to achieve. The nature of personality of a leader in reference to the national culture inherent to his/her being is fundamental. Good leadership is said to be dependent on personal and professional value orientations of leaders. Lastly, it must be noted that culture in general is not homogenous (Murphie & Potts 2003; Handwerker 2002) so it has its own unique set of values, beliefs, principles, and guidelines that are employed in the business setting. For American leaders, they need to focus on result. Japanese leaders, on the other hand, need to focus on work-process.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the summary and conclusions of the researcher in relation to the comparative study of leadership styles of the United States and Japan. After conducting an extensive period of doing research and probing, the researcher accomplished the results of the study through qualitative research approach guided by descriptive and analytical skills. The researcher came up with the following summary and conclusions.
Leadership is a complex area of empirical probation because it is deemed to be studied in various terms and application. Leadership extends beyond the performance of organisational management functions. The globalisation of the world necessitates the evaluation of leadership styles as it is an important component of organisational success. It is said that good leadership style includes establishing rapport with subordinates, identifying with their needs and concerns, setting good example, and others. The value of leadership is more than managing people for an organisation to work effectively. Aside from the personality of the leader, leadership style exists and makes difference. Such styles reflect relatively stable patterns of response to situations especially within given setting. In this research, leadership styles of the United States and Japan are compared using secondary data obtained from previously published studies.
On this study, both countries were chosen because of its identified cultural differences to Hofstede’s four dimension model. Aside from cultural differences, both countries are identified similar, or do not differ significantly, in terms of the following aspects: communication process and skills, goal setting and achievement, performance and productivity feedback, motivation, follower’s or subordinates feedback, and overall leadership behaviours. Significant differences in their leadership styles is seen in the application of management functions including decision making, supervising, forecasting ability, and training progression. It is known that with the differing nature and characteristics of work, more effective and productive leadership styles are needed. The participative leadership styles of the United States and Japan is highly effective given that it is applied in specific areas with and maximum carefulness. The investigation of the consequences of this leadership style is important for leaders to have underlying knowledge on how to lead and motivate the members of the organisation.
In this research study, it was noted that a given leadership style effectively applicable in one country (e.g. the US) may not be easily transferable or even applicable to another (e.g. Japan). Looking on the entire analysis and discussion, the leadership styles of both countries are somewhat similar and different in their own given rights. Because leadership styles are largely complex and designed to cater a specific area of management and practice, their specific relevance in various counties is uncertain. This uncertainty is a potential subject for further empirical exploration. It could be concluded that leadership styles are conceptually different and independently constructed because they can be displayed contemporaneously while empirically associated. The emphasis of leadership theory is centred on its essential contribution towards the unity and productivity of the entire organization.
Therefore, due to the changing nature of the international workplace as well as the job/task itself, leadership styles have also had to change. Leadership styles must be created to address the demands of the current environment, adapt to these changes, and meet the organisational productivity and success. It seems likely that a leader’s style is directly influenced by culture but there are other considerations that are given at hand
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Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
2010
Miller, Q. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Implementation of the Ways of Knowing through the
Realms of Meaning as a Conceptual Framework in Professional Learning Communities
As They Impact Strategic Planning in Education. National FORUM of Applied of
Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Stevenson, R.D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Utilizing the Six Realms of Meaning in Improving
Campus Standardized Test Scores through Team Teaching and Strategic Planning.
National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Thompson, C. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Implementing the Ways of Knowing through the
Realms of Meaning for Strategic Planning in K-12. National FORUM of Applied
Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Ishaq, K. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) School Leadership Makes a Difference: A Sociological
Perspective of Effective Strategic Planning and Integrating the Realms of Meaning
Into School Improvement. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research
Journal, 23 (1&2)
Thompson, B. A. & Kritsonis, W. (2010) Making National, State, District, and Local Plans
Work Using the Six Realms of meaning as it Relates to Strategic Planning in Educational
Leadership. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Lewis, C. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Educational Leaders Incorporating Ways of Knowing
through the Realms of Meaning to Create Successful Strategic Plans for Public Schools.
National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 23 (1&2)
Doctor, T.L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Postmodernism and Ways of Knowing through the
Realms of Meaning: New Answers to Lingering Problems. National FORUM of
Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Palmer, D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Strategic Planning in Schools: A View Through the Lends
Of the Six Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning. National FORUM of
Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Miller-Williams, S. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) A Systems Approach to Comprehensive School
Reform: Using the Realms of Meaning and the Baldridge Model as a Systems
Framework. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Gardiner, S.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) The Virtues of Postmodernism Electrified with the
Use of Six Realms of Meaning in Strategic Planning. National FORUM of Applied
Educational Research Journal, 23 (1&2)
Diggs, D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Strategic Excellence Thorugh the Empowerment of
Postmodernism and the Realms of Meaning. National FORUM of Applied Educational
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Blackbourn, J. M. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) The Question Every Teacher Educator Must Ask.
National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 20 (1&2)
Doctor, T.L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2010) Postmodernism and Ways of Knowing through the
Realms of Meaning: New Answers to Lingering Problems. National FORUM of
Teacher Education Journal, 20 (1&2)
2009
Charlton, D. & Kritsonis. W.A. (2009) Human Resource Management: Accountability, Reciprocity and Nexus between Employer and Employee, National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 26 (3)
Terry, L. A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009 What Will the Evolution of a Fresh Framework for 21st Century Human Resource Management in Education Do to Retain Highly Qualified Human Capital? National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 26 (3)
Miller, Q., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) A Comparative Character Analysis of Dagny Taggard in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged and the Woman Superintendent.
DOCTORAL FORUM- National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED506131
Doctor, T.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Ayn Rand: To be Selfish or Not to be Selfish ' That is the Question. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)
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Thompson, B.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Ayn Rand: Selfishness ' Your Way to Individual Triumph. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)
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Palmer, D.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Lest We Forget: Exploring Ayn Rand's Virtues of Selfishness (1964). Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)
Thompson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) Ayn Rand Says: Mend Thy Selfless Ways! Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)
Williams-Miller, S.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2009) A Question of Faith: Ayn Rand's Objectivist View vs. the Teachings of Jesus Christ. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 6(1)
2008
Morgan, M., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008) Beyond the First Days of School: The Recruitment, Retention, and Development of Quality Teachers in Hard-to-Staff Schools: A National Focus. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (3)
Kritsonis, W.A., & Marshall, R.L.(2008) Doctoral Dissertation Advising: Keyes to Improvement of Completion Rates. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (3)
Laub, J.D., DeSpain, B.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) An Analysis of the Rural Public School
Superintendency. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision
Journal, 25 (2)
Torrez, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Smaller Learning Communities: Pre-Implementation Planning Critical to Success. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (2)
Ivy, Adam, I., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008). The Challenge of Building Professional Learning Communities: Getting Started. National FORUM of Applied Education Research Journal, 21 (2)
McLeod, K., Tanner, T., & Kritsonis,W.A. (2008). National Impact: Model of a Culturally Active Classroom. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (2)
Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Functions of the Dissertation Advisor. National Journal: Focus On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)
Hines, III, M., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008). National Implications: Racial Differences in In-service Teachers' Perceptions' of Caucasian American Culturally Proficient School Leadership.
National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (4)
Morgan, M. M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Real Philadelphia Experiment: How Benjamin
Franklin's 13 Virtues can Save a School from Itself. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)
Herrington, D.E., Kritsonis, W.A., & Tanner, T. (2008). National Recommendations for Deconstructing Educational Leadership Courses: Re-Centering to Address the Needs of Students. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25
Butcher, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) A National Perspective: Utilizing the Postmodern Theoretical Paradigm to Close the Achievement Gap and Increase Student Success in Public Education America. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25 (4)
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Egbe, R., Ivy, A., Moreland, B., Willis, L., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Ten Things to Consider When Developing a Survey or Assessment Instrument. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)
Glasco, R.L., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Developing and Nuturing a Common Vision for Technology Integration in Education. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)
Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Essential Reflections for Non-Profits and School Prior to Writing and Submitting Grant Proposals. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)
Cloud, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Implications: Implementing Postmodernistic Strategies and the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning for the Improvement of Ethical Conduct for the Improvement of Public Education. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3) (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No.ED499279)
Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Aristotle, Philosophy, and the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning: A National Study on Integrating a Postmodernist Approach to Education and Student Academic Achievement. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)
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Butcher, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning to Assist Leaders in Retaining Alternatively Certified Teachers: Six National Recommendations for Improving Education in the United States of America. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21 (3)
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Bowman, E., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Seven Ways to Increase At-Risk Student Participation in Extra-Curricular Activities. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)
Puentes, H., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). A Case Study with National Implications: Student Mobility and Academic Achievement at a Selected Elementary School Campus. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)
Jedlicka,K., Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Persistence of Teacher Under-Utilization of Computer Technologies in the Classroom. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)
Cloud, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Agenda: Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning for the Improvement of Public Education. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18 (3)
Smith, M.M., Herrington, D.E., Kritsonis, W.A., & Tanner, T. (2008). National Implications: Ten Things to Consider When Teaching Mathematics to African American Students. National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 5 (1)
McLeod, K., Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Recommendations for Improving Cultural Diversity: Model of a Culturally Active Classroom Setting. National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 5 (1)
Joshua, M.T., Joshua, A.M., Obi, F.B., Umoinyang, I.E., Ntukidem, E.P., Kritsonis, W.A., Tanner, T., & DeMoulin, D.F. (2008). Conceptualization and Perceptions of Teaching as an Artistic Form: National and International Implications for Evaluation and Assessment. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11 (1)
Joshua, A.M., Ukpong, E.M., Joshua, M.T., Kritsonis, W.A., Tanner, T., & DeMoulin, D.F. (2008). Distribution Patterns of the Four Fundamental Temperaments among Secondary School Students in Cross River State, Nigeria: National and International Implications. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11 (1)
Joshua, M.T., Bassey, S.W., Asim, A.E., Kritsonis, W.A., Tanner, T. & DeMoulin, D.F. (2008). National and International Implications for Universal Basic Education: Primary School Teachers' Perceived and Conceived Continuous Assessment Difficulties and Reporting Competence in Cross River South, Nigeria. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11 (1)
Kritsonis, W. A. (2008). Functions of the Dissertation Advisor. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)
Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Promise for Student Academic Achievement and Success: Connecting Learning Utilizing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)
Taylor, J.H., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Quality of Effort and Selected Demographic Variables Contributing to the Prediction of Cognitive Outcomes. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2 (1)
O'Brine,C.R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Segregation Through Brown vs. the Board of Education: A Setback or Landmark Case. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED499169)
Collins, C.J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Implementing Postmodern Strategies
To Guide Educational Leaders in Creating Schools for Quality Learning in Public Education
in America. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5(1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED499554)
Coates-McBride, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The M&M Effect-Assessing the Impact of Merit Pay on Teacher Motivation: National Implications. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED499772)
Terry, L.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). A National Issue: Whether the Teacher Turnover Effects Students' Academic Performance? DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499543)
Walden, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Impact of the Correlation Between the No Child Left Behind Act's High Stakes Testing and the Drop-Out Rates of Minority Students. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499541)
Springs, M.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Implications: Practical Ways for Improving Student Self-Concept Through Student Achievement. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499551)
Morgan, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). A National Focus: The Recruitment, Retention, and Development of Quality Teachers in Hard-to-Staff Schools. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.499323)
Charlton, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). The Documentation Process: The Administrator's Role and the Interplay of Necessity, Support, and Collaboration. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499101)
Henderson, F.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). Graduation Rates at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: A Review of the Literature. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
Torrez, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008). National Impact for Pre-Implementation of Smaller Learning Communities. DOCTORAL FORUM: National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 5 (1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED499477)
Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Impact of the Mathematics Curriculum on the Success of African American High School Students. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)
Smith, Y.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Leaving Good Teachers Behind: A Professional Dilemma. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)
Norfleet, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Educational Leadership for Improved School-Community Relations. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)
Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Utilizing the Ways of Knowing Through The Realms of Meaning for a Postmodern Approach to Effecting Change in Special Education. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)
Townsell, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Human Resource Management in Small Rural Districts: The Administrator's Role in Recruitment, Hiring, and Staff Development. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497694)
Love, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) A Principal's Role in Retaining First Year Teachers. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)
Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Utilizing The William Allan Kritsonis Balanced Teeter-Totter Model as a Means to Cultivate a Legacy of Transformational Leaders in Schools.
National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 18(1& 2)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and
Supervision Journal, 25(3)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and
Supervision Journal, 25(2)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and
Supervision Journal, 25(1)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21(2)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 21(1)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. National FORUM Teacher Education Journal, 18(1 & 2)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). FOREWORD. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 11(1)
Kritsonis, W. (2008). On-Line Scholarly Electric Journal Division, National FORUM Journals. Available daily: www.nationalforum.com
________________________________________________________________________
Mentored Research - 2008
Dr. Kritsonis
Mentoring and Teaching Doctoral Students and Colleagues to Write for Professional Publication - Refereed Articles Published
Sturgis, K.., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Characteristics of the Postmodern Educational Leader: National Implications for Improving Education in America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
White, P.A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Education in the United States of America: Six Philosophical Strategies for Selecting Curriculum Using the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Sturgis, K.., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) How to Implement the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning as a Process for Selecting Curriculum for the Development of the Complete Person.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Perkins, T., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008) Improving Education in America: Implementing the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)
Smith, G., F. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Leadership for High School Reform in the United States of America: A Postmodern Concept within a Modernist Campus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Collins, C.J. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Implementing Postmodern Strategies to Guide Educational Leaders in Creating Schools for Quality Learning in Public Education in America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Holloway, F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Strategies for Improving Student
Learning and the Human Condition in Public Education in the United States of America.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Perkins, T., & Kritsonis, W.A.(2008) Improving Education in America: Implementing the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)
Collins, C.J. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Implementing Strategies for Improving Academic Achievement in Public Education in the United States. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Smith, G., F. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Leadership for High School Reform in the United States of America: A Postmodern Concept within a Modernist Campus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Collins, C.J. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Agenda: Implementing Postmodern Strategies to Guide Educational Leaders in Creating Schools for Quality Learning in Public Education in America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Iwundu, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Strategies for Dealing with Growing Diverse Populations in Public Education in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Brown, D.R., Jr., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications for Applying Transitional Leadership in a Postmodern Paradigm for Education in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Duong, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications for Postmodernism within the Realms of Educational Leadership. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Perkins, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications: Postmodernism and Its Effect on Public Schools in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)
Duong, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Implications for Educational Leaders in Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning in the Improvement of Academic Achievement. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Iwundu, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Policy Issues and Trends: Strategies for Implementing Postmodern Thinking to Guide Decision Making in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
White, P.A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) National Recommendations for Implementing Postmodernism in an Educational Organization for the Improvement of Public Education in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Evans, L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Postmodern Philosophical Thinking: National Implications and Recommendations for Educational Leaders in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Evans, L. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Strategies for Improving Public Education in the United States of America: On the Development of Complete Persons. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Smith, G. F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Strategies for Meeting National Standards and Improving Academic Achievement in Public Education in the United States of America. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Holloway, F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) The Emerging Challenges for the World of Education:
That Was Then ' This Is Now. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student
Research, 7 (Spring)
Jedrys. J., Butler, N.L. Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Dissertation Summation: Application of Selected Geophysical Methods in Facies Differentiation on Upper Jurassic Sediments in the
Cracow--Czestochowa Upland. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,
7 (Spring)
Butler, N.L. Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Do Polish Higher Institution Learners Prefer to Learn How to Speak English from a Native Speaker Rather than from a Non-Native Instructor: A Snapshot Comment. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,
7 (Spring)
Butler, N.L., Smith, S., Davidson, B.S., Tanner, T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Polish Post-Secondary Vocational Schools vs. Canadian Community Colleges: A Comparison of Information Accessibility and Accountability. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Should Tuition Fees be required of Polish Higher School Students who Study Full-Time? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Are Polish Higher School Students in Agreement with HIV/AIDS Education Awareness Programs in Polish Primary and Secondary Schools which Include Homosexual Practices? A Brief Note. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Trzaskus-Zak, inz Beata, Buter, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Griffith, K.G. (2008) A Method of
Designation of Marginal Volumes of Economical Factors on a Two-Part Sale Price in the
Gas Distribution Industry. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,
7 (Spring)
Kuklina, S.S., butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A. & Griffith, K.G. (2008) Learning Tolls for Overcoming Difficulties in Structuring Cooperative Activities in EFL Classrooms.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., Hines III, M, & Griffith, K.G. (2008) International Education:
Are Polish Higher School Learners Studying Spanish So That They Can Secure Employment
in Spain? A Brief Commentary. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
Butler, N.L., Davidson, B.S., Kritsonis, W.A., Griffith, K.G. (2008) International Education: Do Polish Higher School Students Prefer Speaking in Person, Listening, Reading or Writing During Spanish Classes? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED500292)
Brady, E.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Targeting Reading Fluency for ESL Students: A research based and practical application. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED500036)
Finch, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2008) Unmarried Couples with Children. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 7 (Spring)
2007
Herrington, David E., Kritsonis, William A., Proctor, Kathleen Kidd & Garza-Brown,
Guadalupe (2007 Fall). Campus Level Grant Writing: Leveraging Teacher Talent to Access
External Funding. Journal of Border Educational Research 6(1).
Osterholm, K., Nash, W.R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Effects of Labeling Students
Learning Disabled': Emergent Themes in the Research Literature 1970 Through 2000.
National Journal: FOCUS on Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 1(1)
Osterholm, K., Horn, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) College Professors as Potential Victims
Of Stalking: Awareness and Prevention: National Implications. National Journal: FOCUS
On Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 1(1)
Williams, M.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Why HBCU Presidents
Need Entrepreneurial Focus. National Journal: FOCUS On Colleges, Universities, and
Schools, 1(1)
Belshaw, S.H., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications in Juvenile Justice: The
Influence of Juvenile Mentoring Programs On At-Risk Youth. The International Child Care
Network CYC-Online, Issue 106 - Online, 106, November.
Obo, F.E., Joshua, M.T., Kritsonis,W.A., & Marshall, R.L. (2007). Some Student-Personal Variables as Predictors of Mathematics Achievement in Secondary Schools in Central Cross River State, Nigeria. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal 24(2)
Hart, K.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). The Influence of Parenting Style on Psychosocial Adjustment. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 24(2)
Joshua, M.T., Ubi, I.O., Kritsonis, W.A., & Marshall, R.L. (2007). Gender, Personality and Neurotic Factors in Mathematics Achievement among Secondary School Students in Calabar, Nigeria. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 20(2)
Pomykal, D.F., Hopper, P.F., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Impact: Creating Teacher
Leaders Through the Use of Problem-Based Learning. National FORUM of Applied
Educational Research Journal, 20(3)
Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Banning Cell Phones in Public Schools: Analyzing
A National School and Community Relations Problem. National FORUM of Educational
Administration and Supervision Journal, 24(3)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497423)
Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National School Debate: Banning Cell Phones on
Public School Campuses in America. National FORUM of Educational Administration
and Supervision Journal, 25(4)
Wilson, M.A., & Kritsonis (2007) Melody Wilson's Theoretical Framework Model on the
Effectiveness of Pre-Kindergarten Montessori Programs on Preparedness of Children for
Kindergarten. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 17(3)
Henderson, II, F.T., Rouce, S.D., Wawrykow, G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Impact:
Eugenics and Its Societal Implications. National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 4(2)
Henderson, N., Wood, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Muslins in America. National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, 4(2)
Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Strategies for Educational Leaders to Implement Postmodern Thinking in Public Education in the United States of America. National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 25(4)
Herrington, D.E., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Serendipitous Findings of A School-University Collaboration: A Case Study with National Implications for Supporting Novice Teachers. National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, 17(3)
Townsell, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Who in the World is Ayn Rand? Doctoral FORUM-
National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED49467)
Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand: A Comparative and Epistemological Philosophical Perspective Based on the Theoretical Framework of the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning by William Allan Kritsonis, PhD. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
Henderson, III, F.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Graduation Rates at Historically Black Colleges
and Universities: A Review of the Literature. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
Wakins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Atlas Shrugged by Any Rand: A Comparative and
Epistemological Philosophical Perspective Based on the theoretical Framework of the
Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning by William Allan Kritsonis, PhD.
Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
Anthony, T.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). A Mixed Methods Assessment of the Effectiveness of Strategic EMentoring in Improving the Self-Efficacy and Persistence (or retention) of Alternatively Certified Novice Teachers within an Inner City School District. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED494448)
Patton, M.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Great Minds Think Differently: Sustaining a System of Thinking. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED494511)
Skinner, D.A. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). When to be Selfish: Objectivism at its Best. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
Savoy, E. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). National Implications: Implementing the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning as an Ethical Decision-Making Process to Improve Academic Achievement-Ten Recommendations. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
Watkins, D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Developing a Curriculum for At-Risk and Low Performing High School Students: Teaching Shakespeare to At-Risk Students Utilizing Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning. Doctoral FORUM-National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 4(1)
Williams, M.G. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). National Implications: Why HBCU Presidents Need Entrepreneurial Focus. National Journal: FOCUS on Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 1(1)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and
Supervision Journal, 24(3)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and
Supervision Journal, 24(2)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Educational Administration and
Supervision Journal, 24(1)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal, 20(2)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. National FORUM Teacher Education Journal, 17(1 & 2)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). FOREWORD. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 10(1)
Kritsonis, W. (2007). On-Line Scholarly Electric Journal Division, National FORUM Journals. Available daily: www.nationalforum.com
Recent International
Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A (2007).
TECHNOLINGUA, Cracow, Poland. June 25-26, 2007 ' AGH University of Science and Technology. Paper presentation: Native vs. Nonnative English Teachers in Polish Schools: Personal Reflections
Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A (2007).
Conference on Problems in Language, Teaching, Vyatka State University of the Humanities, Kirov, Russia, February 14-15 2007. Three papers accepted and published: 1) Native and Non-Native Teachers of English in Polish Schools ' Personal Reflections: International Implications, 2) Observations on Native vs. Nonnative EFL Teachers in Poland, 3) The Role of Communication Context, Corpus-Based Grammar, and Scaffolded Interaction in ESL/EFL Instruction
________________________________________________________________________Mentored Research ' 2007 Dr. Kritsonis
Mentoring and Teaching Doctoral Students and Colleagues to Write for Professional Publication - Refereed Articles Published
Berkins, C.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Curriculum Leadership: Curriculum for the At-Risk Student. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED498643)
Nazemzadeh, N., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Postmodernism, Higher Education, and Economics: A Different View. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Nazemzadeh, N., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Economics and the Six Realms of Meaning. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Renfro, J.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Organization Leadership 101: The Importance pf Identifying and Implementing Character Trait Assessments that Move Educational Leaders to Levels of Excellence. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Cheng-Chieh, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Five Instructional Strategies for ESL Leaders: Improving ESL Learning through Cultural Activities. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Wawrzyniak, K., Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Brief Summary of a Doctoral Dissertation in Geophysics. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Cheng-Chieh, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) CALL Application Electronic Portfolio in the Second Language Classroom. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Berkins, C.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Curriculum Leadership: New Trends and Career and Technical Education. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED498616)
Nickerson G.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) An Investigation of How the Factors of Time on Task and Study Habits Contribute or Inhibit the Academic Success of Minority Students. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Nazemzadeh, N., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Ayn Rand: The Nonfiction Work. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Maintaining Ethical Leadership and High 'Diversity' Standards in Higher Education: A National Issue in Educational Leadership. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Thomas, K., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) What Will It Take to Have an Effective Campusss? National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Norfleet, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Leadership Strategies for Closing the Achievement Gap.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Sands, A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Three Factors Contributing to African American Males Being Placed into Special Education Classes: National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Muschalek, B., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Insight: 5 Strategies to Reach and Teach at-Risk Students. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Watkins, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Focus: Enhancing Student Achievement and Teacher Efficacy Through Effective Grant Writing and Creative Instructional Programming.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Mroz, L., Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A Brief Note about the Functions of Discourse Markers in Discourse Coherence. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Butler, N.L., Burbelko, A., Rajzer, I., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) International Education Report: AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland: Noteworthy Doctoral Recipients. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Utilizing Culture to Improve Communication and School Involvement with Parents from Diverse Backgrounds as a Means to Improve Student Achievements Levels in the United States: A National Focus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Firebaugh, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Epidemic: Five Benefits of Implementing the CATCH Program into a Physical Education Curriculum in Helping Fight Childhood Obesity.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Fall)
Jacobs, K.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) An Analysis of Teacher and Student Absenteeism in Urban Schools: What the Research Says and Recommendations for Educational Leaders. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Fall)
Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The School's Concern with Grades and the
Societal Consequences. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Summer)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497506)
Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Griffith, K. (2007) The School As An Organization and Social
Institution: A Brief Note. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,
4(Summer)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495206)
Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) International Impact: Agreement or Non-
Agreement: Are Polish Higher School Students in Agreement with a Law that Punishes
People for Encouraging Homosexuality in Polish Primary and Secondary Schools?
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497437)
Butler, N.L., Davidson, B.S., Pachocinski, R., Griffith, K.G., Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)
International Perspectives: Polish Post-Secondary Vocational Schools: A Comparison Using An Information Technology Conceptual Model. The Lamar University Electronic Journal Student Research, 4 (Summer)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497437)
Rajzer, I., Griffith, K.G., Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Investigations into the Use of Fibrous Carbon-
Based Materials as Scaffold for Tissue Engineering by Izabella Rajzer. The Lamar
University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Doucet, G., Grant, L.E., Brown, V.E., Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Update: Zero
Tolerance School Disciplinary Policy and Criminology Theory. The Lamar University
Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer 2007)
Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., Kritsonis, W.A. Non-formal Education in Poland and Canada
Compared: A Brief Commentary. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497368)
Kritsonis, W.A., & Griffith, K.G. (2007) On Writing Well for Professional Publication in
National Refereed Journals in Education. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of
Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Butler, N.L., Davidson, B.S., Pachocinski, R., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)
Polish Post-Secondary Vocational Schools and Canadian Community Colleges: A
Comparison using the School as an Organization and Social Institution as a Conceptual Framework. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497362)
Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Student Ratings of Faculty Performanc In Polish Higher Schools: A Brief Note. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED497453)
Wells, W.D., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Achievement Gap between
African-American and Non-minority Students: How Can We Close the Gap?
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Use of Positive Youth Development Constructs in Career Development Programs for Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Butler, N.L., Griffith, K.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Virtual University: A Brief Note. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
- Townsell, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A National Look at Postmodernism's Pros and Cons in Educational Leadership. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED497693)
Skinner, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Bring You Best Self to an Interview. The Lamar
University Electronic Journal of Student Research 4 (Summer)
Butcher, J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Human Resource Management: Managerial Efficacy in Recruiting and Retaining Teachers ' National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No ED497357)
Williams, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Leaders We Have a Problem! It is Teacher Retention'What Can We Do About It? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497436)
Cloud, M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Agenda: Development of Best Practices in Human
Resources using Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning as the Framework.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED497363)
Williams, M.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Focus on Postmodernism in Higher
Education. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Evans, L.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Impact: The Role of Human Resources
Management and Leadership Development in Education and Their Effectiveness on Teacher
Retention. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Duong, R., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Characteristics of Effective
Leadership in K-12. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4
(Summer)
Williams, M.G., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Examining Motivational
Factors among Employees in Higher Education. The Lamar University Electronic Journal
of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Holloway, F.D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: That Was Then, This is Now.
The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Melvin, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Implications: Those Who Care, Teach ' Strategies
That Promote the Recruitment and Retention of Classroom Teachers. The Lamar University
Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
- The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Melvin, S., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Phenomenon ' Fenwick English's Postmodernism
Goes to Hollywood. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4
(Summer)
Collins, C.J., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) National Viewpoint: How to Implement the Ways of
Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning as an Ethical Decision Making Process for
Counselors to Improve Student Achievement. The Lamar University Electronic Journal
of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
White, P.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Essence of Effective Administrative Leadership:
National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,
4 (Summer)
Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Observations
On Native vs. Non-native EFL Teachers in Poland. The Lamar University Electronic Journal
of Student Research, 4(Summer)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED495201)
Evans, L.M., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Moral Project ' The Effects of Benjamin Franklin's
Thirteen Virtues within My Life. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student
Research, 4 (Summer)
Roos, L., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Use of Positive Youth Development Constructs in
Career Development Programs for Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders. The Lamar University
Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Summer)
Johnson, C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (20077) New Strategies for Educational Leaders to Implement
Postmodern Thinking in Public Education in the United States of America: Creating a
National Change Strategy. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research,
4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction No.ED497435)
Jacobs, K., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Strategies for Implementing Postmodern Thinking ofr
Improving Secondary Education in Public Education in the United States of America:
National Impact. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495312)
Krukiewicz-Gacek, A., Griffith, K., Skrynicka-Knapczyk, D., Butler, N.L., & Kritsonis, W.A.
(2007) Should We Teach English for Work Purposes to Undergraduates at Polish Higher
Schools? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495376)
Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, David (2007) Primary and Secondary
Education in Canada and Poland Compared: International Implications. The Lamar
University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495075)
Butler, N.D., Davidson, B.S., Mroz, L., Brown, V., Griffith, K., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007)
Do Polish High School Students Prefer Speaking in Person, Listening, Reading or Writing
During EFL Classes? The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO.ED495075)
Smith, C., Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Herrington, D., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Native vs Nonnative English Teachers in Polish Schools: Personal Reflections. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring) (ERIC Document Reproduction No ED495069)
Hughes, T.A., Hughes, J.T., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007). Brief Reflections on Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand: National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4 (Spring)
Butler, N.L., Hughes, T.A., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Native and Non-Native Teachers of English in Polish Schools-Personal Reflections: International Educational Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495206)
Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. Cheating in Examinations in Two Polish Higher Education Schools. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring) (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No ED4955076)
Hughes, T.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A Historical Perspective of National Educational Reform Efforts. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Hughes, T.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Professional Learning Communities and the Positive Effects on Student Achievement: A National Agenda for School Improvement. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, M.A., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Religious Education in Government-Run Primary and Secondary Schools in Poland and Canada (Ontario and Quebec) - An International Focus. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495110)
Laub, J.D. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) A National Perspective: Transforming Leadership in America's Rural Public Schools. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Hughes, T.A., Butler, N.L., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Education in Canada: A Lecture to the Polish Comparative Education Society. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Hughes, T.A., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) An Independent Publisher Online's Highlighted Titles Book Awards and Recognition for Exceptional Teachers. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Anderson, A.C., & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) The Perspectives of Ayn Rand on the Virtues of Selfishness (1964). The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Anderson, A.C. & Kritsonis, W.A. (2007) Postmodern Philosophical Thinking and Recommendations According to Fenwick English. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
Anthony, T.D., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) Postmoderism and the Implications for Educational Leadership: National Implications. The Lamar University Electronic Journal of Student Research, 4(Spring)
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED495291)
Anthony, T.D., Kritsonis, W.A., & Herrington, D. (2007) National Cry for Help: Psychological Issues as They Relate to Education; A Realistic Approach to Understanding and Coping with the African American Males. The L
